https://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-023-01363-w

CNTs have been used in a wide variety of fields as a next-generation nanomaterial with great potential. Some Multi-Walled CNTs (MWCNTs) have been reported to exhibit inflammatory toxicity similar to asbestos in animal studies. However, it was not known how MWCNTs are recognized in vivo and induce inflammation, nor whether similar inflammatory toxicity is observed in humans.
In this work, it was demonstrated that macrophages phagocytose MWCNTs via a human immunoreceptor called Siglec-14 on the cell surface and induce inflammation. The inflammatory toxicity of MWCNTs can be reduced by using a newly prepared anti-Siglec-14 inhibitory monoclonal antibody and an inhibitor of the inflammatory signal of Siglec-14.